Next: Minimizers, Up: Nonlinear Equations [Contents][Index]
Octave can solve sets of nonlinear equations of the form
F (x) = 0
using the function fsolve
, which is based on the MINPACK
subroutine hybrd
. This is an iterative technique so a starting
point must be provided. This also has the consequence that
convergence is not guaranteed even if a solution exists.
Solve a system of nonlinear equations defined by the function fcn.
fun is a function handle, inline function, or string containing the
name of the function to evaluate. fcn should accept a vector (array)
defining the unknown variables, and return a vector of left-hand sides of
the equations. Right-hand sides are defined to be zeros. In other words,
this function attempts to determine a vector x such that
fcn (x)
gives (approximately) all zeros.
x0 is an initial guess for the solution. The shape of x0 is preserved in all calls to fcn, but otherwise is treated as a column vector.
options is a structure specifying additional parameters which
control the algorithm. Currently, fsolve
recognizes these options:
"AutoScaling"
, "ComplexEqn"
, "FinDiffType"
,
"FunValCheck"
, "Jacobian"
, "MaxFunEvals"
,
"MaxIter"
, "OutputFcn"
, "TolFun"
, "TolX"
,
"TypicalX"
, and "Updating"
.
If "AutoScaling"
is "on"
, the variables will be
automatically scaled according to the column norms of the (estimated)
Jacobian. As a result, "TolFun"
becomes scaling-independent. By
default, this option is "off"
because it may sometimes deliver
unexpected (though mathematically correct) results.
If "ComplexEqn"
is "on"
, fsolve
will attempt to solve
complex equations in complex variables, assuming that the equations possess
a complex derivative (i.e., are holomorphic). If this is not what you want,
you should unpack the real and imaginary parts of the system to get a real
system.
If "Jacobian"
is "on"
, it specifies that fcn—when
called with 2 output arguments—also returns the Jacobian matrix of
right-hand sides at the requested point.
"MaxFunEvals"
proscribes the maximum number of function evaluations
before optimization is halted. The default value is
100 * number_of_variables
, i.e., 100 * length (x0)
.
The value must be a positive integer.
If "Updating"
is "on"
, the function will attempt to use
Broyden updates to update the Jacobian, in order to reduce the
number of Jacobian calculations. If your user function always calculates
the Jacobian (regardless of number of output arguments) then this option
provides no advantage and should be disabled.
"TolX"
specifies the termination tolerance in the unknown variables,
while "TolFun"
is a tolerance for equations. Default is 1e-6
for both "TolX"
and "TolFun"
.
For a description of the other options,
see optimset
. To initialize an options structure
with default values for fsolve
use
options = optimset ("fsolve")
.
The first output x is the solution while the second output fval contains the value of the function fcn evaluated at x (ideally a vector of all zeros).
The third output info reports whether the algorithm succeeded and may take one of the following values:
Converged to a solution point. Relative residual error is less than
specified by TolFun
.
Last relative step size was less than TolX
.
Last relative decrease in residual was less than TolFun
.
Iteration limit (either MaxIter
or MaxFunEvals
) exceeded.
Stopped by OutputFcn
.
The Jacobian became excessively small and the search stalled.
The trust region radius became excessively small.
output is a structure containing runtime information about the
fsolve
algorithm. Fields in the structure are:
iterations
Number of iterations through loop.
successful
Number of successful iterations.
funcCount
Number of function evaluations.
The final output fjac contains the value of the Jacobian evaluated at x.
Note: If you only have a single nonlinear equation of one variable, using
fzero
is usually a much better idea.
Note about user-supplied Jacobians:
As an inherent property of the algorithm, a Jacobian is always requested for
a solution vector whose residual vector is already known, and it is the last
accepted successful step. Often this will be one of the last two calls, but
not always. If the savings by reusing intermediate results from residual
calculation in Jacobian calculation are significant, the best strategy is to
employ OutputFcn
: After a vector is evaluated for residuals, if
OutputFcn
is called with that vector, then the intermediate results
should be saved for future Jacobian evaluation, and should be kept until a
Jacobian evaluation is requested or until OutputFcn
is called with a
different vector, in which case they should be dropped in favor of this most
recent vector. A short example how this can be achieved follows:
function [fval, fjac] = user_func (x, optimvalues, state) persistent sav = [], sav0 = []; if (nargin == 1) ## evaluation call if (nargout == 1) sav0.x = x; # mark saved vector ## calculate fval, save results to sav0. elseif (nargout == 2) ## calculate fjac using sav. endif else ## outputfcn call. if (all (x == sav0.x)) sav = sav0; endif ## maybe output iteration status, etc. endif endfunction ## … fsolve (@user_func, x0, optimset ("OutputFcn", @user_func, …))
The following is a complete example. To solve the set of equations
-2x^2 + 3xy + 4 sin(y) = 6 3x^2 - 2xy^2 + 3 cos(x) = -4
you first need to write a function to compute the value of the given function. For example:
function y = f (x) y = zeros (2, 1); y(1) = -2*x(1)^2 + 3*x(1)*x(2) + 4*sin(x(2)) - 6; y(2) = 3*x(1)^2 - 2*x(1)*x(2)^2 + 3*cos(x(1)) + 4; endfunction
Then, call fsolve
with a specified initial condition to find the
roots of the system of equations. For example, given the function
f
defined above,
[x, fval, info] = fsolve (@f, [1; 2])
results in the solution
x = 0.57983 2.54621 fval = -5.7184e-10 5.5460e-10 info = 1
A value of info = 1
indicates that the solution has converged.
When no Jacobian is supplied (as in the example above) it is approximated numerically. This requires more function evaluations, and hence is less efficient. In the example above we could compute the Jacobian analytically as
function [y, jac] = f (x) y = zeros (2, 1); y(1) = -2*x(1)^2 + 3*x(1)*x(2) + 4*sin(x(2)) - 6; y(2) = 3*x(1)^2 - 2*x(1)*x(2)^2 + 3*cos(x(1)) + 4; if (nargout == 2) jac = zeros (2, 2); jac(1,1) = 3*x(2) - 4*x(1); jac(1,2) = 4*cos(x(2)) + 3*x(1); jac(2,1) = -2*x(2)^2 - 3*sin(x(1)) + 6*x(1); jac(2,2) = -4*x(1)*x(2); endif endfunction
The Jacobian can then be used with the following call to fsolve
:
[x, fval, info] = fsolve (@f, [1; 2], optimset ("jacobian", "on"));
which gives the same solution as before.
Find a zero of a univariate function.
fun is a function handle, inline function, or string containing the name of the function to evaluate.
x0 should be a two-element vector specifying two points which bracket a zero. In other words, there must be a change in sign of the function between x0(1) and x0(2). More mathematically, the following must hold
sign (fun(x0(1))) * sign (fun(x0(2))) <= 0
If x0 is a single scalar then several nearby and distant values are probed in an attempt to obtain a valid bracketing. If this is not successful, the function fails.
options is a structure specifying additional options. Currently,
fzero
recognizes these options:
"Display"
, "FunValCheck"
, "MaxFunEvals"
,
"MaxIter"
, "OutputFcn"
, and "TolX"
.
"MaxFunEvals"
proscribes the maximum number of function evaluations
before the search is halted. The default value is Inf
.
The value must be a positive integer.
"MaxIter"
proscribes the maximum number of algorithm iterations
before the search is halted. The default value is Inf
.
The value must be a positive integer.
"TolX"
specifies the termination tolerance for the solution x.
The default value is eps
.
For a description of the other options,
see optimset
.
To initialize an options structure with default values for fzero
use
options = optimset ("fzero")
.
On exit, the function returns x, the approximate zero point, and fval, the function evaluated at x.
The third output info reports whether the algorithm succeeded and may take one of the following values:
OutputFcn
.
output is a structure containing runtime information about the
fzero
algorithm. Fields in the structure are:
"bisection, interpolation"
.
Next: Minimizers, Up: Nonlinear Equations [Contents][Index]