A literal character specifies exactly itself to be matched in the input text.

Syntax

c

Parameters

• c
  • : A single character that is not one of the syntax characters described below.

Description

In regular expressions, most characters can appear literally. They are usually the most basic building blocks of patterns. For example, here is a pattern from the Removing HTML tags example:

const pattern = /<.+?>/g;

In this example, ., +, and ? are called syntax characters. They have special meanings in regular expressions. The rest of the characters in the pattern (< and >) are literal characters. They match themselves in the input text: the left and right angle brackets.

The following characters are syntax characters in regular expressions, and they cannot appear as literal characters:

• ^, $
• \
• *, +, ?, {, }
• (, )
• [, ]
• |

Within character classes, more characters can appear literally. For more information, see the Character class page. For example \. and [.] both match a literal .. In v-mode character classes, however, there are a different set of characters reserved as syntax characters. To be most comprehensive, below is a table of ASCII characters and whether they may appear escaped or unescaped in different contexts, where "✅" means the character represents itself, "❌" means it throws a syntax error, and "⚠️" means the character is valid but means something other than itself.

Characters	Outside character classes in u or v mode		In u-mode character classes		In v-mode character classes
	Unescaped	Escaped	Unescaped	Escaped	Unescaped	Escaped
123456789 "' ACEFGHIJKLMN OPQRTUVXYZ_ aceghijklmop quxyz	✅	❌	✅	❌	✅	❌
!#%&,:;<=>@`~	✅	❌	✅	❌	✅	✅
]	❌	✅	❌	✅	❌	✅
()[{}	❌	✅	✅	✅	❌	✅
*+?	❌	✅	✅	✅	✅	✅
/	✅	✅	✅	✅	❌	✅
0DSWbdfnrstvw	✅	⚠️	✅	⚠️	✅	⚠️
B	✅	⚠️	✅	❌	✅	❌
$.	⚠️	✅	✅	✅	✅	✅
|	⚠️	✅	✅	✅	❌	✅
-	✅	❌	✅⚠️	✅	❌⚠️	✅
^	⚠️	✅	✅⚠️	✅	✅⚠️	✅
\	❌⚠️	✅	❌⚠️	✅	❌⚠️	✅

Note: The characters that can both be escaped and unescaped in v-mode character classes are exactly those forbidden as "double punctuators". See v-mode character classes for more information.

Whenever you want to match a syntax character literally, you need to escape it with a backslash (\). For example, to match a literal * in a pattern, you need to write \* in the pattern. Using syntax characters as literal characters either leads to unexpected results or causes syntax errors — for example, /*/ is not a valid regular expression because the quantifier is not preceded by a pattern. In Unicode-unaware mode, ], {, and } may appear literally if it's not possible to parse them as the end of a character class or quantifier delimiters. This is a deprecated syntax for web compatibility, and you should not rely on it.

Regular expression literals cannot be specified with certain non-syntax literal characters. / cannot appear as a literal character in a regular expression literal, because / is used as the delimiter of the literal itself. You need to escape it as \/ if you want to match a literal /. Line terminators cannot appear as literal characters in a regular expression literal either, because a literal cannot span multiple lines. You need to use a character escape like \n instead. There are no such restrictions when using the RegExp() constructor, although string literals have their own escaping rules (for example, "\\" actually denotes a single backslash character, so new RegExp("\\*") and /\*/ are equivalent).

In Unicode-unaware mode, the pattern is interpreted as a sequence of UTF-16 code units. This means surrogate pairs actually represent two literal characters. This causes unexpected behaviors when paired with other features:

/^[😄]$/.test("😄"); // false, because the pattern is interpreted as /^[\ud83d\udc04]$/
/^😄+$/.test("😄😄"); // false, because the pattern is interpreted as /^\ud83d\udc04+$/

In Unicode-aware mode, the pattern is interpreted as a sequence of Unicode code points, and surrogate pairs do not get split. Therefore, you should always prefer to use the u flag.

Examples

Using literal characters

The following example is copied from Character escape. The a and b characters are literal characters in the pattern, and \n is an escaped character because it cannot appear literally in a regular expression literal.

const pattern = /a\nb/;
const string = `a
b`;
console.log(pattern.test(string)); // true

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

• Character classes guide
• Regular expressions
• Character escape: \n, \u{...}