Object.prototype.__proto_

Warning: Changing the Prototype of an object is, by the nature of how modern JavaScript engines optimize property accesses, currently a very slow operation in every browser and JavaScript engine. In addition, the effects of altering inheritance are subtle and far-flung, and are not limited to the time spent in the obj.__proto__ = ... statement, but may extend to any code that has access to any object whose Prototype has been altered. You can read more in JavaScript engine fundamentals: optimizing prototypes.

Note: The use of __proto__ is controversial and discouraged. Its existence and exact behavior have only been standardized as a legacy feature to ensure web compatibility, while it presents several security issues and footguns. For better support, prefer Object.getPrototypeOf/Reflect.getPrototypeOf and Object.setPrototypeOf/Reflect.setPrototypeOf instead.

The __proto__ accessor property of Object instances exposes the Prototype (either an object or null) of this object.

The __proto__ property can also be used in an object literal definition to set the object Prototype on creation, as an alternative to Object.create. See: object initializer / literal syntax. That syntax is standard and optimized for in implementations, and quite different from Object.prototype.__proto__.

Syntax

obj.__proto__

Return value

If used as a getter, returns the object's Prototype.

Exceptions

TypeError
- : Thrown if attempting to set the prototype of a non-extensible object or an immutable prototype exotic object, such as Object.prototype or window.

Description

The __proto__ getter function exposes the value of the internal Prototype of an object. For objects created using an object literal (unless you use the prototype setter syntax), this value is Object.prototype. For objects created using array literals, this value is Array.prototype. For functions, this value is Function.prototype. You can read more about the prototype chain in Inheritance and the prototype chain.

The __proto__ setter allows the Prototype of an object to be mutated. The value provided must be an object or null. Providing any other value will do nothing.

Unlike Object.getPrototypeOf and Object.setPrototypeOf, which are always available on Object as static properties and always reflect the Prototype internal property, the __proto__ property doesn't always exist as a property on all objects, and as a result doesn't reflect Prototype reliably.

The __proto__ property is a simple accessor property on Object.prototype consisting of a getter and setter function. A property access for __proto__ that eventually consults Object.prototype will find this property, but an access that does not consult Object.prototype will not. If some other __proto__ property is found before Object.prototype is consulted, that property will hide the one found on Object.prototype.

null-prototype objects don't inherit any property from Object.prototype, including the __proto__ accessor property, so if you try to read __proto__ on such an object, the value is always undefined regardless of the object's actual Prototype, and any assignment to __proto__ would create a new property called __proto__ instead of setting the object's prototype. Furthermore, __proto__ can be redefined as an own property on any object instance through Object.defineProperty without triggering the setter. In this case, __proto__ will no longer be an accessor for Prototype. Therefore, always prefer Object.getPrototypeOf and Object.setPrototypeOf for setting and getting the Prototype of an object.

Examples

Using proto

function Circle() {}
const shape = {};
const circle = new Circle();

// Set the object prototype.
// DEPRECATED. This is for example purposes only. DO NOT DO THIS in real code.
shape.__proto__ = circle;

// Get the object prototype
console.log(shape.__proto__ === Circle); // false

const ShapeA = function () {};
const ShapeB = {
  a() {
    console.log("aaa");
  },
};

ShapeA.prototype.__proto__ = ShapeB;
console.log(ShapeA.prototype.__proto__); // { a: [Function: a] }

const shapeA = new ShapeA();
shapeA.a(); // aaa
console.log(ShapeA.prototype === shapeA.__proto__); // true

const ShapeC = function () {};
const ShapeD = {
  a() {
    console.log("a");
  },
};

const shapeC = new ShapeC();
shapeC.__proto__ = ShapeD;
shapeC.a(); // a
console.log(ShapeC.prototype === shapeC.__proto__); // false

function Test() {}
Test.prototype.myName = function () {
  console.log("myName");
};

const test = new Test();
console.log(test.__proto__ === Test.prototype); // true
test.myName(); // myName

const obj = {};
obj.__proto__ = Test.prototype;
obj.myName(); // myName

Syntax

Return value

Exceptions

Description

Examples

Using proto

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

Syntax

Return value

Exceptions

Description

Examples

Using __proto__

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

Using proto